{"product_id":"2940013432291","title":"Achievement Inequality and the Institutional Structure of Educational Systems: A Comparative Perspective","description":"We review the comparative literature on the impact of national-level educational institutions on inequality in student achievement. We focus on two types of institutions that characterize the educational system of a country: the system of school-type differentiation (between-school tracking) and the level of standardization (e.g., with regard to central examinations and school autonomy). Two types of inequality are examined: inequality in terms of dispersion of student test scores and inequality of opportunity by social background and race\/ethnicity. We conclude from this literature, which mostly uses PISA, TIMSS, and\/or PIRLS data, that inequalities are magnified by national-level tracking institutions and that standardization decreases inequality. Methodological issues are discussed, and possible avenues for further research are suggested.","brand":"Annual Reviews","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47162429636848,"sku":"2940013432291","price":9.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0737\/7593\/9824\/files\/2940013432291_p0.jpg?v=1763592358","url":"https:\/\/shop-qa.barnesandnoble.com\/products\/2940013432291","provider":"Barnes \u0026 Noble (DEV)","version":"1.0","type":"link"}