{"product_id":"2940013863002","title":"THE QUAKER COLONIES","description":"CONTENTS\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e     I.    THE BIRTH OF PENNSYLVANIA\u003cbr\u003e     II.   PENN SAILS FOR THE DELAWARE\u003cbr\u003e     III.  LIFE IN PHILADELPHIA\u003cbr\u003e     IV.   TYPES OF THE POPULATION\u003cbr\u003e     V.    THE TROUBLES OF PENN AND HIS SONS\u003cbr\u003e     VI.   THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR\u003cbr\u003e     VII.  THE DECLINE OF QUAKER GOVERNMENT\u003cbr\u003e     VIII. THE BEGINNINGS OF NEW JERSEY\u003cbr\u003e     IX.   PLANTERS AND TRADERS OF SOUTHERN JERSEY\u003cbr\u003e     X.    SCOTCH COVENANTERS AND OTHERS IN EAST JERSEY\u003cbr\u003e     XI.   THE UNITED JERSEYS\u003cbr\u003e     XII.  LITTLE DELAWARE\u003cbr\u003e     XIII. THE ENGLISH CONQUEST\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e     BIBLIOGRAPHY\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTHE QUAKER COLONIES\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eChapter I. The Birth Of Pennsylvania\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn 1661, the year after Charles II was restored to the throne of\u003cbr\u003eEngland, William Penn was a seventeen-year-old student at Christ Church,\u003cbr\u003eOxford. His father, a distinguished admiral in high favor at Court, had\u003cbr\u003eabandoned his erstwhile friends and had aided in restoring King Charlie\u003cbr\u003eto his own again. Young William was associating with the sons of the\u003cbr\u003earistocracy and was receiving an education which would fit him to obtain\u003cbr\u003epreferment at Court. But there was a serious vein in him, and while at a\u003cbr\u003ehigh church Oxford College he was surreptitiously attending the meetings\u003cbr\u003eand listening to the preaching of the despised and outlawed Quakers.\u003cbr\u003eThere he first began to hear of the plans of a group of Quakers to found\u003cbr\u003ecolonies on the Delaware in America. Forty years afterwards he wrote, \"I\u003cbr\u003ehad an opening of joy as to these parts in the year 1661 at Oxford.\" And\u003cbr\u003ewith America and the Quakers, in spite of a brief youthful experience as\u003cbr\u003ea soldier and a courtier, William Penn's life, as well as his fame, is\u003cbr\u003eindissolubly linked.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eQuakerism was one of the many religious sects born in the seventeenth\u003cbr\u003ecentury under the influence of Puritan thought. The foundation principle\u003cbr\u003eof the Reformation, the right of private judgment, the Quakers carried\u003cbr\u003eout to its logical conclusion; but they were people whose minds had\u003cbr\u003eso long been suppressed and terrorized that, once free, they rushed to\u003cbr\u003eextremes. They shocked and horrified even the most advanced Reformation\u003cbr\u003esects by rejecting Baptism, the doctrine of the Trinity, and all\u003cbr\u003esacraments, forms, and ceremonies. They represented, on their best\u003cbr\u003eside, the most vigorous effort of the Reformation to return to the\u003cbr\u003espirituality and the simplicity of the early Christians. But their\u003cbr\u003eintense spirituality, pathetic often in its extreme manifestations,\u003cbr\u003ewas not wholly concerned with another world. Their humane ideas and\u003cbr\u003ephilanthropic methods, such as the abolition of slavery, and the reform\u003cbr\u003eof prisons and of charitable institutions, came in time to be accepted\u003cbr\u003eas fundamental practical social principles.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe tendencies of which Quakerism formed only one manifestation appeared\u003cbr\u003eoutside of England, in Italy, in France, and especially in Germany. The\u003cbr\u003efundamental Quaker idea of \"quietism,\" as it was called, or peaceful,\u003cbr\u003esilent contemplation as a spiritual form of worship and as a development\u003cbr\u003eof moral consciousness, was very widespread at the close of the\u003cbr\u003eReformation and even began to be practiced in the Roman Catholic Church\u003cbr\u003euntil it was stopped by the Jesuits. The most extreme of the English\u003cbr\u003eQuakers, however, gave way to such extravagances of conduct as trembling\u003cbr\u003ewhen they preached (whence their name), preaching openly in the\u003cbr\u003estreets and fields--a horrible thing at that time--interrupting other\u003cbr\u003econgregations, and appearing naked as a sign and warning. They gave\u003cbr\u003eoffense by refusing to remove their hats in public and by applying to\u003cbr\u003eall alike the words \"thee\" and \"thou,\" a form of address hitherto used\u003cbr\u003eonly to servants and inferiors. Worst of all, the Quakers refused to\u003cbr\u003epay tithes or taxes to support the Church of England. As a result, the\u003cbr\u003eloathsome jails of the day were soon filled with these objectors, and\u003cbr\u003etheir property melted away in fines. This contumacy and their street\u003cbr\u003emeetings, regarded at that time as riotous breaches of the peace, gave\u003cbr\u003ethe Government at first a legal excuse to hunt them down; but as they\u003cbr\u003egrew in numbers and influence, laws were enacted to suppress them. Some\u003cbr\u003eof them, though not the wildest extremists, escaped to the colonies in\u003cbr\u003eAmerica. There, however, they were made welcome to conditions no less\u003cbr\u003esevere.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe first law against the Quakers in Massachusetts was passed in 1656,\u003cbr\u003eand between that date and 1660 four of the sect were hanged, one of them\u003cbr\u003ea woman, Mary Dyer. Though there were no other hangings, many Quakers\u003cbr\u003ewere punished by whipping and banishment. In other colonies, notably New\u003cbr\u003eYork, fines and banishment were not uncommon.","brand":"SAP","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47145985966320,"sku":"2940013863002","price":0.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0737\/7593\/9824\/files\/2940013863002_p0.jpg?v=1763596311","url":"https:\/\/shop-qa.barnesandnoble.com\/products\/2940013863002","provider":"Barnes \u0026 Noble (DEV)","version":"1.0","type":"link"}