{"product_id":"2940045090896","title":"A Simple Guide to Liver Diseases","description":"\u003cp\u003eJaundice is the symptom of yellowish discoloration of the skin, mucous membrane and sclera due to accumulation of bile pigments in tissues associated with the increase in serum bilirubin level.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBilirubin is the breakdown product of hemoglobin during the end of life span of a red blood cells.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe types of bilirubin are:\u003cbr\u003e1. unconjugated bilirubin which is toxic, fat soluble and cannot be excreted by the kidneys\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. conjugated bilirubin which the hepatocytes in the liver has conjugated the unconjugated bilirubin and excretes in the bile.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConjugated bilirubin is water soluble and in high levels is also excreted in the urine as dark tea colored urine.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhat are the causes of Jaundice?\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe causes of jaundice are:\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Hemolytic anemia is due to the break up of red blood cells\u003cbr\u003eHere the major form of bile pigment is unconjugated\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. Hepatocellular or liver causes:\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ea. Acute:\u003cbr\u003e1. viral hepatitis A to F,\u003cbr\u003e2. alcoholism,\u003cbr\u003e3. toxic chemical hepatitis including drugs and\u003cbr\u003e4. bacterial infections such as leptospirosis.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMore of conjugated bilirubin at early stages followed by unconjugated bilirubin.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eb. Chronic liver cirrhosis - mostly unconjugated bilirubin\u003cbr\u003e3. Obstructive jaundice: mainly conjugated bilirubin accumulates\u003cbr\u003ea.Intrahepatic cholestasis due to drug sensitivity\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eb. Extra hepatic gallstones, carcinoma of biliary systems or adjacent organs.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhat are the effects of Jaundice?\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe effects of jaundice:\u003cbr\u003e1. yellowing of the skin and white of eye and mucous membranes like inside of the lips\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. liver enlargement and palpable gallbladder in blockage\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3. enlarged spleen especially in hemolytic anemia\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4. dark colored urine due to presence of bilirubin in the urine\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5. pale stools\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6. prolonged tiredness from anemia, loss of blood,\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7. encephalopathy from bilirubin affecting the brain\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8. nausea and vomiting.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9. poor appetite\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiagnosis of causes:\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Hemolytic anemia\u003cbr\u003ea. bilirubin raised\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eb. liver function tests normal\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ec. urine and stools may be normal except for excess urobilinogen\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ed. blood hemorrhage tests for hemolytic anemia\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. Hepatocellular\u003cbr\u003ea. liver function test normal except for increased liver enzymes, proteins normal but alkaline phosphates may be raised\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eb. tests for infections such as hepatitis, mononucleosis, and cytomegalovirus\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ec. antinuclear antibody\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3. Obstructive:\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ea. liver function tests-conjugated bilirubin raised, liver enzymes raised, alkaline phosphatase raised\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eb. previous attacks of jaundice\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ec. biliary colic\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOther tests include:\u003cbr\u003e1. Utrasound of liver and gallbladder\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. cholecytograms\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3. cholangiography\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4. MRI of liver and abdomen\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5. liver biopsy\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhat is the treatment for Jaundice?\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTreatment usually includes:\u003cbr\u003e1. supportive treatment like\u003cbr\u003ea. rest\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eb. adequate fluids\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. adequate nutrition and vitamin B\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3. treatment depends on the cause:\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ea. blood transfusion or platelet transfusion for hemolytic anemia\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eb. treatment of infections\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ec. surgery for obstructive lesions\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrognosis:\u003cbr\u003edepends on the underlying cause.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrevention:\u003cbr\u003e1. Avoid seafood especially cockleshells which may cause hepatitis A\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. Avoid casual sex which can spread hepatitis B and C\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3. Avoid reusage of syringes in drug addicts to prevent Hepatitis C and AIDS\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4. Avoid medicine which can cause obstructive jaundice.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTABLE OF CONTENT\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 1 Jaundice\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 2 Hepatitis\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 3 Hepatitis A\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 4 Hepatitis B\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 5 Hepatitis C\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 6 Liver Cirrhosis\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 7 Liver Cancer\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEpilogue\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Kenneth Kee","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47082239000816,"sku":"2940045090896","price":2.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0737\/7593\/9824\/files\/2940045090896_p0.jpg?v=1769889676","url":"https:\/\/shop-qa.barnesandnoble.com\/products\/2940045090896","provider":"Barnes \u0026 Noble (DEV)","version":"1.0","type":"link"}