{"product_id":"2940148619994","title":"Socio-economic Diagnosis of Ornamental Horticulture in Togo","description":"Production systems in ornamental horticulture in Togo are very diverse in terms of\u003cbr\u003especulation, access to land (variable surfaces, direct or indirect forms of tenure, acquisition\u003cbr\u003emethods and land use, etc.) and socio-economic profiles of farmers (men, women, young, old,\u003cbr\u003epeople with little or no qualifications, rural to urban, etc.). The family horticultural production system, which represents over 90% of 55 horticultural farms of this study, is the\u003cbr\u003emain production system. It is characterized by areas of less than 0.1 hectare and farms in\u003cbr\u003erelative land insecurity (97% of land used to belong to the state). Throughout the system,\u003cbr\u003ethere is a salaried labor representing 5-8% of turnover. Temporary and permanent employees\u003cbr\u003eare paid on weekends or at the end of the month. Farmers use gardening equipment and\u003cbr\u003eprocessing plant more or less modern including clippers, shears, pruners and sprayers.\u003cbr\u003eProduction units provide direct employment (more than 3 employees per unit) and directly to\u003cbr\u003eseveral hundred people. Horticulture in urban and peri-urban areas improves the living\u003cbr\u003econditions of farmers (income) and the population (embellishment of streets, maintenance or\u003cbr\u003ecreation of green areas buffer) despite some negative externalities associated particularly with\u003cbr\u003ethe use of prohibited pesticides and uncontrolled use of spaces along the roads. Its survival is\u003cbr\u003ethreatened by many constraints, including the extension of urban housing and road building.\u003cbr\u003eIn Togo, beneficial effects of ornamental horticulture may be more noticeable if the political\u003cbr\u003eauthorities, private stakeholders and the researchers work together to organize the sector. It\u003cbr\u003ecould thus participate effectively in the formal economy, and the emergence of true\u003cbr\u003edevelopment plans at the municipal level.","brand":"ReadCycle","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47108838719728,"sku":"2940148619994","price":2.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0737\/7593\/9824\/files\/2940148619994_p0.jpg?v=1763706433","url":"https:\/\/shop-qa.barnesandnoble.com\/products\/2940148619994","provider":"Barnes \u0026 Noble (DEV)","version":"1.0","type":"link"}