{"product_id":"2940148880202","title":"Out of Bounds: Transnational Sanctuary in Irregular Warfare","description":"In this timely Occasional Paper, Dr. Tom Bruscino analyzes a critical\u003cbr\u003eissue in the GWOT, and one which has bedeviled counterinsurgents past\u003cbr\u003eand present. He examines the role played by sanctuaries as they relate to\u003cbr\u003eirregular warfare in two conflicts. An active sanctuary refers to the practice\u003cbr\u003eof using territory outside the geographical limits of an irregular war\u003cbr\u003eto provide various forms of support to one side, usually the insurgent or\u003cbr\u003eguerrilla force.\u003cbr\u003eIn the first case study, he looks at the United States’ efforts to defeat\u003cbr\u003ethe advantages gained by the Viet Cong (and later the North Vietnamese\u003cbr\u003eArmy) by the use of sanctuaries in Cambodia and Laos during the Vietnam\u003cbr\u003eWar. In doing so, he points out the diplomatic, military, and economic\u003cbr\u003echallenges which develop when trying to prevent the use of transnational\u003cbr\u003esanctuaries by irregular forces. In the second case study, he examines the\u003cbr\u003eSoviet incursion into Afghanistan in the 1980s, but this time he does so\u003cbr\u003efrom the perspective of the insurgency, the Mujahideen. Bruscino illustrates\u003cbr\u003ethe advantages accrued by the Afghan resistance in the use of Pakistan\u003cbr\u003eas a sanctuary; the Soviet efforts to neutralize those advantages; and\u003cbr\u003ethe Mujahideen’s responses to overcome the Soviet actions.\u003cbr\u003eIn both cases the author finds that the use of an active sanctuary by\u003cbr\u003ethe insurgents was a major component of their eventual victory. Without\u003cbr\u003ea sanctuary it is hard to see how the Viet Cong\/NVA or the Mujahideen\u003cbr\u003ecould have succeeded. In regards to a sanctuary, it is hard to see how the\u003cbr\u003eU.S.\/South Vietnamese or the Soviet Union could have defeated the insurgencies.\u003cbr\u003eActive sanctuaries present the counterinsurgent with a host of\u003cbr\u003emilitary problems, but denying an insurgent the use of an active sanctuary\u003cbr\u003eis far more than a military task. All the elements of national power must be\u003cbr\u003eemployed if one hopes to defeat the challenge posed by active sanctuaries","brand":"ReadCycle","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47067894874352,"sku":"2940148880202","price":2.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0737\/7593\/9824\/files\/2940148880202_p0.jpg?v=1763709281","url":"https:\/\/shop-qa.barnesandnoble.com\/products\/2940148880202","provider":"Barnes \u0026 Noble (DEV)","version":"1.0","type":"link"}