{"product_id":"2940148977568","title":"A Model for Evaluating Effects of Climate, Water Availability, and Water Management on Wetland Impoundments\u0026#x2014;A Case Study on Bowdoin, Long Lake, and Sand Lake National Wildlife Refuges","description":"Many wetland impoundments managed by the U.S. Fish \u003cbr\u003eand Wildlife Service (USFWS) National Wildlife Refuge \u003cbr\u003eSystem throughout the northern Great Plains rely on rivers \u003cbr\u003eas a primary water source. A large number of these impoundments currently are being stressed from changes in water supplies and quality, and these problems are forecast to \u003cbr\u003eworsen because of projected changes to climate and land use. \u003cbr\u003eFor example, many managed wetlands in arid regions have \u003cbr\u003ebecome degraded owing to the long-term accumulation of salts \u003cbr\u003eand increased salinity associated with evapotranspiration. A \u003cbr\u003eprimary goal of the USFWS is to provide aquatic habitats for a \u003cbr\u003ediversity of waterbirds; thus, wetland managers would benefit \u003cbr\u003efrom a tool that facilitates evaluation of wetland habitat quality in response to current and anticipated impacts of altered hydrology and salt balances caused by factors such as climate \u003cbr\u003echange, water availability, and management actions.\u003cbr\u003eA spreadsheet model that simulates the overall water and \u003cbr\u003esalinity balance (WSB model) of managed wetland impoundments is presented. The WSB model depicts various habitat metrics, such as water depth, salinity, and surface areas (inundated, dry), which can be used to evaluate alternative management actions under various water-availability and climate scenarios. The WSB model uses widely available spreadsheet \u003cbr\u003esoftware, is relatively simple to use, relies on widely available inputs, and is readily adaptable to specific locations. The WSB model was validated using data from three National \u003cbr\u003eWildlife Refuges with direct and indirect connections to water \u003cbr\u003eresources associated with rivers, and common data limitations \u003cbr\u003eare highlighted. The WSB model also was used to conduct \u003cbr\u003esimulations based on hypothetical climate and management \u003cbr\u003escenarios to demonstrate the utility of the model for evaluating alternative management strategies and climate futures. The  WSB model worked well across a range of National Wildlife \u003cbr\u003eRefuges and could be a valuable tool for USFWS staff when \u003cbr\u003eevaluating system state and management alternatives and \u003cbr\u003eestablishing long-term goals and objectives.","brand":"ReadCycle","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47079394312432,"sku":"2940148977568","price":2.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0737\/7593\/9824\/files\/2940148977568_p0.jpg?v=1763710612","url":"https:\/\/shop-qa.barnesandnoble.com\/products\/2940148977568","provider":"Barnes \u0026 Noble (DEV)","version":"1.0","type":"link"}