{"product_id":"2940153016986","title":"Polycythemia Vera, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions","description":"\u003cp\u003eChapter 1\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePolycythemia vera\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhat is Polycythemia Vera?\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePolycythemia vera (PV) is a medical bone marrow disorder in which there is an uncontrolled proliferation of the blood cells.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll the blood cells in the body are involved.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePolycythemia rubra vera (PRV) mainly produces too many red blood cells.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe number of white blood cells and platelets may be higher as well.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is believed to be a benign form of neoplasm giving rise to a chronic disease from which the patient eventually dies.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhat is the cause of Polycythemia vera?\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCause:\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe exact cause is not known but it is often linked to a gene defect called JAK2V617F.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe reason behind this gene defect is not known.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePolycythemia vera (PV) is produced by somatic mutation in a single hematopoietic stem cell.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis mutation can be investigated only in female patients, as it makes use of polymorphisms on the X-chromosome and takes advantage of its inactivation.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe red cells are normally responsive to erythropoietin but they do not depend upon it to multiply.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere is a danger of transformation to acute myeloid leukemia.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePV is a myeloproliferative disorder with mainly erythrocyte hyperplasia, but also myeloid leukocytosis, thrombocytosis and splenomegaly\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePolycythemia Primary Causes\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn primary polycythemia, inherited or acquired problems with red blood cell production result in polycythemia.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere are two main disorders that place it in the primary polycythemia category:\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Polycythemia vera (PV) or polycythemia rubra vera (PRV)\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePolycythemia vera (PV) is linked to a genetic mutation in the JAK2 gene which is believed to raise the sensitivity of bone marrow cells to a hormone called erythropoietin (Epo), leading to higher red blood cell production.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe levels of other forms of blood cells (white blood cells and platelets) are also often higher in this disorder.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. Primary familial and congenital polycythemia (PFCP).\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary familial and congenital polycythemia (PFCP) is a disorder linked to a mutation in the EPOR gene and induces higher production of red blood cells in response to erythropoietin (Epo).\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePolycythemia Secondary Causes\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast to primary polycythemia in which there is excess production of red blood cell occurring from higher sensitivity or responsiveness to Epo (with reduced levels of Epo), in secondary polycythemia, more red blood cells are formed because of highly raised levels of circulating Epo.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe main reasons for higher levels of Epo are:\u003cbr\u003e1. Chronic hypoxia (low blood oxygen levels over the long-term),\u003cbr\u003e2. Low oxygen delivery due to abnormal red blood cell appearance, and\u003cbr\u003e3. Tumors releasing inappropriately higher amounts of Epo.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere are frequent disorders that can lead to higher erythropoietin level due to long term hypoxia or low oxygen supply:\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ea. Chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD, emphysema, chronic bronchitis),\u003cbr\u003eb. Pulmonary hypertension,\u003cbr\u003ec. Hypoventilation syndrome,\u003cbr\u003ed. Congestive heart failure,\u003cbr\u003ee. Obstructive sleep apnea,\u003cbr\u003ef. Poor blood flow to the kidneys, and\u003cbr\u003eg. Living in high altitudes.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe disorder in which the hemoglobin molecule in the red blood cells has an abnormal appearance is 2,3-BPG deficiency.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe hemoglobin in this disorder has a higher affinity to keep the oxygen and decreased ability to release it to the tissues.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsequently, the higher amount of red blood cells are being produced in response to what the tissues in the body observe as a low oxygen level.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe effect is a higher levels of circulating red blood cells.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTABLE OF CONTENT\u003cbr\u003eIntroduction\u003cbr\u003eChapter 1 Polycythemia Vera\u003cbr\u003eChapter 2 Causes\u003cbr\u003eChapter 3 Symptoms\u003cbr\u003eChapter 4 Diagnosis\u003cbr\u003eChapter 5 Treatment\u003cbr\u003eChapter 6 Prognosis\u003cbr\u003eChapter 7 Polycythemia Rubra Vera\u003cbr\u003eChapter 8 Myeloproliferative disease\u003cbr\u003eEpilogue\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Kenneth Kee","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47170708177136,"sku":"2940153016986","price":2.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0737\/7593\/9824\/files\/2940153016986_p0.jpg?v=1764027938","url":"https:\/\/shop-qa.barnesandnoble.com\/products\/2940153016986","provider":"Barnes \u0026 Noble (DEV)","version":"1.0","type":"link"}