{"product_id":"2940153792828","title":"Dysphagia, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Treatment And Related Conditions","description":"\u003cp\u003eDysphagia is defined as difficulty in swallowing.\u003cbr\u003eIt is usually associated either with pharyngeal or esophageal disease\u003cbr\u003eThere is a spectrum of possible etiologies from self-limiting illness e.g. tonsillitis to carcinoma.\u003cbr\u003eIt may occur with odynophagia - painful swallowing.\u003cbr\u003eIt occurs in 1-2\/100,000, most commonly seen in mid-adult life and is caused by impaired neural control of the distal esophagus.\u003cbr\u003eSeveral conditions can cause dysphagia.\u003cbr\u003eIn children it is often due to:\u003cbr\u003e1. Physical malformations,\u003cbr\u003e2. Conditions such as cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy\u003cbr\u003e3. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).\u003cbr\u003eDysphagia in adults may be due to tumors (benign or cancerous), conditions that cause the esophagus to narrow, neuromuscular conditions, stroke, or GERD.\u003cbr\u003eIt can also be caused when the muscle in the esophagus does not relax enough to let food pass into the stomach.\u003cbr\u003eOther risk factors include smoking, excessive alcohol use, certain medications and teeth or dentures in poor condition.\u003cbr\u003eA. Obstructive causes:\u003cbr\u003e1. Gastro-oesophageal reflux ± stricture.\u003cbr\u003e2. Other esophagitis (e.g. infection).\u003cbr\u003e3. Esophageal cancer.\u003cbr\u003e4. Gastric cancer.\u003cbr\u003e5. Pharyngeal cancer.\u003cbr\u003e6. Post-cricoid web (Paterson Brown-Kelly syndrome).\u003cbr\u003e7. Esophageal rings.\u003cbr\u003e8. Foreign body (acute).\u003cbr\u003eB. Neurological Causes\u003cbr\u003e1. Cerebrovascular event or brain injury.\u003cbr\u003e2. Achalasia.\u003cbr\u003e3. Diffuse esophageal spasm.\u003cbr\u003e4. Syringomyelia or bulbar palsy.\u003cbr\u003e5. Myasthenia gravis.\u003cbr\u003e6. Multiple sclerosis.\u003cbr\u003e7. Motor neurone disease.\u003cbr\u003e8. Myopathy (dermatomyositis, myotonic dystrophy).\u003cbr\u003e9. Parkinson's disease and other degenerative disorders.\u003cbr\u003e10. Chagas' disease.\u003cbr\u003eSteady worsening of dysphagia over a few weeks in an older patient suggests malignancy.\u003cbr\u003eMen with new onset of alarm symptoms (loss of weight with worsening dysphagia) have an increased likelihood of a diagnosis of cancer, especially in those aged over 65\u003cbr\u003eA positive predictive value of 9.0% has been found in this age group.\u003cbr\u003eThe most common lesions within the esophagus are inflammatory strictures from reflux or tumors.\u003cbr\u003eIn esophageal manometry, a tube is inserted into the stomach to measure pressure differences in various regions.\u003cbr\u003eX-rays of the neck, chest, or abdomen may be taken.\u003cbr\u003eBarium swallow and endoscopy with biopsy should be performed.\u003cbr\u003eIn a barium x-ray, moving picture or video x-rays are taken of the esophagus as you swallow barium, which is visible on an x-ray.\u003cbr\u003eMRI scanning may also be required before any surgery is considered, e.g. if there is esophageal carcinoma.\u003cbr\u003eVideofluoroscopy is the radiological investigation of choice when 'difficulty swallowing' rather than 'food sticking' is the presenting symptom and aspiration is suspected.\u003cbr\u003eEsophageal motility studies (require swallowing a catheter containing a pressure transducer) are useful when esophageal spasm is suspected.\u003cbr\u003eThe patient may need to chew well or liquidize food.\u003cbr\u003eDefinitive treatment depends on cause - usually endoscopic dilation (either using bougies or inflatable balloon).\u003cbr\u003eIn esophageal carcinoma, palliative relief of dysphagia can be achieved with repeated dilatation, stent replacement, laser photocoagulation and injection of sclerosants.\u003cbr\u003eSurgical myotomy and endoscopic injection of the sphincter with botulinum toxin is occasionally used\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTABLE OF CONTENT\u003cbr\u003eIntroduction\u003cbr\u003eChapter 1 Dysphagia\u003cbr\u003eChapter 2 Interesting Facts of Dysphagia\u003cbr\u003eChapter 3 Treatment of Dysphagia\u003cbr\u003eChapter 4 Stroke\u003cbr\u003eChapter 5 Parkinson's Disease\u003cbr\u003eChapter 6 GERD\u003cbr\u003eChapter 7 Tonsillitis\u003cbr\u003eEpilogue\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Kenneth Kee","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47103454183664,"sku":"2940153792828","price":2.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0737\/7593\/9824\/files\/2940153792828_p0.jpg?v=1764057489","url":"https:\/\/shop-qa.barnesandnoble.com\/products\/2940153792828","provider":"Barnes \u0026 Noble (DEV)","version":"1.0","type":"link"}