{"product_id":"2940154064825","title":"Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions","description":"\u003cp\u003ePosterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) is a medical disorder that results in inflammation or tearing of the posterior tibial tendon.\u003cbr\u003eThe posterior tibial tendon attaches one of the calf muscles to the bones located on the inner foot.\u003cbr\u003eConsequently, PTTD causes flatfoot because the tendon is not able to support the arch of the foot.\u003cbr\u003eFlatfoot is when the arch of the foot is fallen and the foot points outwards.\u003cbr\u003ePTTD is also called adult acquired flatfoot as opposed to congenital flat foot.\u003cbr\u003eDoctors can normally treat this disorder without surgery, but sometimes surgery is essential to mend the tendon.\u003cbr\u003eIncidence\u003cbr\u003ePosterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) is more frequent in women.\u003cbr\u003eIt often manifests in the sixth decade.\u003cbr\u003eMechanism:\u003cbr\u003eThe exact cause of PTTD is not known.\u003cbr\u003eIt is an acute injury (e.g., ankle fractures caused by pronation and external rotation vs. long-standing tendon degeneration)\u003cbr\u003e1. Early disease\u003cbr\u003eEarly tenosynovitis continues to PTTD\u003cbr\u003eIt results in loss of medial longitudinal arch dynamic stabilization\u003cbr\u003e2. Late disease\u003cbr\u003ePTTD supplies attritional failure of static hind-foot stabilizers and collapse of the medial longitudinal arch\u003cbr\u003e1. Spring ligament complex (e.g., superomedial calcaneonavicular ligament)\u003cbr\u003e2. Plantar fascia\u003cbr\u003e3. Plantar ligaments\u003cbr\u003eFixed degenerative joint changes happen at late stages\u003cbr\u003e1. Foot deformity\u003cbr\u003e2. Pes planus\u003cbr\u003e3. Hind foot valgus\u003cbr\u003e4. Forefoot varus\u003cbr\u003e5. Forefoot abduction\u003cbr\u003eRisk factors are:\u003cbr\u003e1. Obesity\u003cbr\u003e2. Hypertension\u003cbr\u003e3. Diabetes\u003cbr\u003e4. Increased age\u003cbr\u003e5. Corticosteroid use\u003cbr\u003e6. Seronegative inflammatory disorders\u003cbr\u003eFrequent activities that induce an overuse injury are:\u003cbr\u003e1. Walking\u003cbr\u003e2. Running\u003cbr\u003e3. Hiking\u003cbr\u003e4. Climbing stairs\u003cbr\u003e5. High-impact sports\u003cbr\u003ePTTD tends more to happen in:\u003cbr\u003e1. Females\u003cbr\u003e2. People over the age of 40\u003cbr\u003e3. People who are overweight or obese\u003cbr\u003e4. Diabetics\u003cbr\u003e5. People with hypertension\u003cbr\u003eSymptoms of PTTD are:\u003cbr\u003e1. Pain, normally around the inside of the foot and ankle\u003cbr\u003e2. Swelling, warmth, and redness along the inside of the foot and ankle\u003cbr\u003e3. Pain that worsens during activity\u003cbr\u003e4. Flattening of the foot\u003cbr\u003e5. Inward rolling of the ankle\u003cbr\u003e6. Turning out of the toes and foot\u003cbr\u003ePhysical examination is by inspection and palpation of the foot\u003cbr\u003e1. Pes planus or flat foot is evident\u003cbr\u003e2. Collapse of the medial longitudinal arch is present\u003cbr\u003e3. Hind foot valgus deformity is seen\u003cbr\u003e4. Forefoot abduction is seen in Stage IIB disease\u003cbr\u003e5. The \"Too many toes\" sign is present\u003cbr\u003e6. \u0026gt;40% talonavicular uncoverage\u003cbr\u003e7. Forefoot varus\u003cbr\u003eThe doctor may look for swelling along the posterior tibial tendon.\u003cbr\u003eThe doctor will also assess the range of motion by moving the foot side to side and up and down.\u003cbr\u003ePTTD can provide problems with side-to-side range of motion, and issues with moving the toes toward the shinbone.\u003cbr\u003eThe doctor will also observe the shape of the foot.\u003cbr\u003eThey will examine for a collapsed arch and a heel that has shifted outward.\u003cbr\u003eThe doctor may also assess how many toes they can see from behind the heel when the patient is standing.\u003cbr\u003eNormally, only the fifth toe and half of the fourth toe are seen from this angle.\u003cbr\u003eMRI and ultrasound scans can verify PTTD\u003cbr\u003eMost cases of PTTD are treatable without surgery.\u003cbr\u003e1. Reducing Swelling and Pain\u003cbr\u003eEarly treatment helps decrease pain and swelling and permits the tendon to heel.\u003cbr\u003eApplying ice to the sore area and taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) can decrease swelling and pain.\u003cbr\u003eThe doctor will also advise the patient to rest and avoid activities\u003cbr\u003e2. Foot Support\u003cbr\u003eDependent on the seriousness of the PTTD, the doctor may indicate some form of support for the foot and ankle.\u003cbr\u003eSurgery may be required if the PTTD is serious.\u003cbr\u003eFDL transfer\u003cbr\u003eCalcaneal osteotomy\u003cbr\u003eArthrodesis\u003cbr\u003eTABLE OF CONTENT\u003cbr\u003eChapter 1 Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction\u003cbr\u003eChapter 2 Causes\u003cbr\u003eChapter 3 Symptoms\u003cbr\u003eChapter 4 Diagnosis\u003cbr\u003eChapter 5 Treatment\u003cbr\u003eChapter 6 Prognosis\u003cbr\u003eChapter 7 Flat Feet\u003cbr\u003eChapter 8 Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome\u003cbr\u003eEpilogue\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Kenneth Kee","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47111697760496,"sku":"2940154064825","price":2.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0737\/7593\/9824\/files\/2940154064825_p0.jpg?v=1764063432","url":"https:\/\/shop-qa.barnesandnoble.com\/products\/2940154064825","provider":"Barnes \u0026 Noble (DEV)","version":"1.0","type":"link"}