{"product_id":"2940154064849","title":"Achalasia, (Swallowing Disorder) A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions","description":"\u003cp\u003eAchalasia is a swallowing disorder of motility of the lower esophageal or cardiac sphincter.\u003cbr\u003eThe smooth muscle layer of the esophagus has decreased peristalsis and inability of the sphincter to relax produces a functional stricture or functional esophageal stenosis.\u003cbr\u003eThe tube that brings food from the mouth to the stomach is the esophagus.\u003cbr\u003eAchalasia makes it harder for the esophagus to move food into the stomach.\u003cbr\u003eAchalasia is a serious condition that affects the esophagus.\u003cbr\u003eThe lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is a valve that blocks off the esophagus from the stomach.\u003cbr\u003eIf the patient has achalasia, the LES is unable to open up during swallowing, which it is supposed to do.\u003cbr\u003eThis results in a backup of food within the esophagus.\u003cbr\u003eThis disorder may be inherited, or it may be the effect of an autoimmune disorder, which happens when the body’s immune system wrongly attacks healthy cells in the body.\u003cbr\u003eThe degeneration of nerves in the esophagus often adds to the advanced symptoms of the condition.\u003cbr\u003eThe most frequent presenting symptom is dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing).\u003cbr\u003eThis involves the swallowing of solids more than soft food or liquids.\u003cbr\u003ePeople with achalasia will often have problem swallowing or a sensation of food being stuck in their esophagus.\u003cbr\u003eThis symptom can produce coughing and increases the risk of aspiration, or inhaling or choking on food.\u003cbr\u003eRegurgitation may happen in 80-90% and some patients learn to force it to alleviate pain.\u003cbr\u003eChest pain, which may become worse after eating, or may be felt as pain in the back, neck, and arms\u003cbr\u003eThe barium swallow in achalasia is typical.\u003cbr\u003eThe distal esophagus has a narrow segment and the X-ray image looks like a bird's beak.\u003cbr\u003eThis is different to the rat's tail appearance of carcinoma of the esophagus.\u003cbr\u003eManometry is the gold standard test for diagnosis of achalasia and can diagnose up to 90% of patients.\u003cbr\u003eThe doctor may make use of esophageal manometry to diagnose achalasia.\u003cbr\u003eThe purpose of treatment is to decrease the pressure at the sphincter muscle and permit food and liquids to pass easily into the stomach.\u003cbr\u003eMost achalasia treatments affect the LES.\u003cbr\u003eSeveral types of treatment can either transiently decrease the symptoms or permanently change the function of the valve.\u003cbr\u003eThe first line of treatment is often oral medicines.\u003cbr\u003e1. Nitrates or calcium channel blockers can help loosen the sphincter so food can pass through it more readily.\u003cbr\u003e2. The doctors might also make use of Botox to relax the sphincter.\u003cbr\u003eTo treat achalasia more permanently, the doctors can either enlarge the sphincter or change it.\u003cbr\u003e1. Dilation normally requires inserting a balloon into the esophagus and inflating it.\u003cbr\u003eThis expands out the sphincter and assists the esophagus to work better.\u003cbr\u003eOccasionally dilation can produces tears in the sphincter.\u003cbr\u003eIf this occurs, the patient may require more surgery to repair it.\u003cbr\u003e2. Esophagomyotomy is a form of surgery that can assist the patient if the patient has achalasia.\u003cbr\u003eThe doctor will use a large or small incision to reach the sphincter and carefully change it to permit better flow into the stomach.\u003cbr\u003e3. The Heller myotomy is normally considered the best treatment for those who are fit.\u003cbr\u003ePneumatic dilatation is the favored option for older unfit patients.\u003cbr\u003eIf a perforation happens, emergency surgery is required to close the perforation and do a myotomy.\u003cbr\u003eMultiple balloon dilatation with progressive balloon diameter at two months, two years and six years is more effective.\u003cbr\u003ePeroral endoscopic myotomy and endoscopic stent insertion is techniques being explored.\u003cbr\u003eOperative failure may be treated by repeat operation, dilatation or, in extreme circumstances, esophagectomy.\u003cbr\u003eTABLE OF CONTENT\u003cbr\u003eIntroduction\u003cbr\u003eChapter 1 Achalasia\u003cbr\u003eChapter 2 Causes\u003cbr\u003eChapter 3 Symptoms\u003cbr\u003eChapter 4 Diagnosis\u003cbr\u003eChapter 5 Treatment\u003cbr\u003eChapter 6 Prognosis\u003cbr\u003eChapter 7 Dysphagia\u003cbr\u003eChapter 8 Gastroparesis\u003cbr\u003eEpilogue\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Kenneth Kee","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47111697793264,"sku":"2940154064849","price":2.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0737\/7593\/9824\/files\/2940154064849_p0.jpg?v=1764062148","url":"https:\/\/shop-qa.barnesandnoble.com\/products\/2940154064849","provider":"Barnes \u0026 Noble (DEV)","version":"1.0","type":"link"}