{"product_id":"2940154387276","title":"Jaundice, (Hyperbilirubinemia) A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions","description":"\u003cp\u003eJaundice is the yellow color of the skin, mucus membranes, or eyes.\u003cbr\u003eThe yellow coloring occurs from by the excessive accumulation in the tissues of bilirubin, a byproduct of old red blood cells.\u003cbr\u003eThe normal serum bilirubin is about 3-20 μmol\/L.\u003cbr\u003eJaundice is not normally obvious until serum bilirubin is over 35 μmol\/L.\u003cbr\u003eJaundice can be a symptom of many health disorders.\u003cbr\u003eThe detection and differential diagnosis of jaundice are essential in medical evaluation.\u003cbr\u003eThe types of bilirubin are:\u003cbr\u003e1. Un-conjugated bilirubin which is toxic, fat soluble and cannot be excreted by the kidneys\u003cbr\u003e2. Conjugated bilirubin which the hepatocytes in the liver has conjugated the un-conjugated bilirubin and excretes in the bile.\u003cbr\u003eConjugated bilirubin is water soluble and in high levels is also excreted in the urine as dark tea colored urine.\u003cbr\u003eBilirubin is created from the breakdown of hemoglobin in the reticuloendothelial system.\u003cbr\u003e95% of the circulating bilirubin is un-conjugated and attached to albumin.\u003cbr\u003eThe bilirubin-albumin complex is broken down by hepatocytes allowing free albumin to circulate.\u003cbr\u003eJaundice can happen if:\u003cbr\u003e1. Too many red blood cells are dying or breaking down and going to the liver\u003cbr\u003e2. The liver is overloaded or injured\u003cbr\u003e3. The bilirubin from the liver is not able to properly move into the digestive tract\u003cbr\u003eJaundice is often a sign of a disorder with the liver, gallbladder, or pancreas.\u003cbr\u003eThe causes of jaundice are:\u003cbr\u003e1. Hemolytic anemia is due to the break up of red blood cells\u003cbr\u003eHere the major form of bile pigment is un-conjugated\u003cbr\u003e2. Hepato-cellular or liver causes:\u003cbr\u003eAcute liver causes are:\u003cbr\u003ea. Viral hepatitis A to F,\u003cbr\u003eb. Alcoholism,\u003cbr\u003ec. Toxic chemical hepatitis including drugs and\u003cbr\u003ed. Bacterial infections such as leptospirosis.\u003cbr\u003eMore of conjugated bilirubin at early stages is followed by un-conjugated bilirubin.\u003cbr\u003eChronic liver causes are:\u003cbr\u003ea. Chronic liver cirrhosis – produces mostly un-conjugated bilirubin\u003cbr\u003e3. Obstructive jaundice: mainly conjugated bilirubin accumulates\u003cbr\u003ea. Intra-hepatic cholestasis due to drug sensitivity\u003cbr\u003eb. Extra-hepatic gallstones, carcinoma of biliary systems or adjacent organs.\u003cbr\u003eDisorders that can cause jaundice are:\u003cbr\u003e1. Infections\u003cbr\u003e2. Use of certain drugs\u003cbr\u003e3. Cancer\u003cbr\u003e4. Blood disorders,\u003cbr\u003e5. Gallstones,\u003cbr\u003e6. Birth defects and\u003cbr\u003e7. A number of other medical disorders resulting in jaundice.\u003cbr\u003eThe effects of jaundice are:\u003cbr\u003e1. Yellowing of the skin and white of eye and mucous membranes like inside of the lips\u003cbr\u003e2. Liver enlargement and palpable gallbladder in blockage\u003cbr\u003e3. Enlarged spleen especially in hemolytic anemia\u003cbr\u003e4. Dark colored urine due to presence of bilirubin in the urine\u003cbr\u003e5. Pale stools\u003cbr\u003e6. Prolonged tiredness from anemia, loss of blood,\u003cbr\u003e7. Encephalopathy from bilirubin affecting the brain\u003cbr\u003e8. Nausea and vomiting.\u003cbr\u003e9. Poor appetite\u003cbr\u003eJaundice is not the same as carotenaemia (where the sclera remains white).\u003cbr\u003eJaundice will be obvious if the total bilirubin is \u0026gt;35 μmol\/L.\u003cbr\u003eIn jaundice, the important rapid differentiation of the main causes (hepatitis, biliary stasis, hemolysis, resolution of hematoma or congenital causes) can often be obtained by doing:\u003cbr\u003eUrinary bilirubin and urobilinogen\u003cbr\u003eHepatitis serology should be done in all patients with cholestasis, as distinguishing hepatitis from extra-hepatic obstructive causes may be very difficult.\u003cbr\u003eLiver function tests\u003cbr\u003eSerum antinuclear antibodies (ANAs), anti-smooth muscle antibody (ASMA)\u003cbr\u003eMRCP may become the test of choice in obstructive jaundice\u003cbr\u003eLiver biopsy\u003cbr\u003eTreatment will depend on the diagnosis and cause of the jaundice in each individual case\u003cbr\u003ea. Blood transfusion or platelet transfusion for hemolytic anemia\u003cbr\u003eb. Treatment of infections\u003cbr\u003ec. Surgery for obstructive lesions\u003cbr\u003eOthers:\u003cbr\u003ea. Rest\u003cbr\u003eb. Fluids\u003cbr\u003ec. Vitamin B\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTABLE OF CONTENT\u003cbr\u003eIntroduction\u003cbr\u003eChapter 1 Jaundice\u003cbr\u003eChapter 2 Causes\u003cbr\u003eChapter 3 Symptoms\u003cbr\u003eChapter 4 Diagnosis\u003cbr\u003eChapter 5 Treatment\u003cbr\u003eChapter 6 Prognosis\u003cbr\u003eChapter 7 Liver Cirrhosis\u003cbr\u003eChapter 8 Hepatitis B\u003cbr\u003eEpilogue\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Kenneth Kee","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47074729787632,"sku":"2940154387276","price":2.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0737\/7593\/9824\/files\/2940154387276_p0.jpg?v=1764066806","url":"https:\/\/shop-qa.barnesandnoble.com\/products\/2940154387276","provider":"Barnes \u0026 Noble (DEV)","version":"1.0","type":"link"}