{"product_id":"2940154487785","title":"Hypercalcemia, (High Blood Calcium) A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions","description":"\u003cp\u003eHypercalcemia is too much calcium (above 10.4 mg\/dL or 2.6 mmol\/L) in the blood.\u003cbr\u003eNormal blood Calcium varies from 8.4 to 10.4 mg\/dL (2.25-2.6 mmol\/L).\u003cbr\u003eIn hypercalcemia, just over 50% of the circulating calcium is protein bound and the level of circulating protein, mainly albumin, must also be considered in making this measurement.\u003cbr\u003eThe value for serum calcium is often given by laboratories as both an uncorrected value and a corrected value which has permitted for changes in albumin levels.\u003cbr\u003eIt is only the ionized (unbound) calcium which is important the body, taking part in cellular activities such as neuromuscular contraction, coagulation and other cellular activities.\u003cbr\u003eRaised calcium concentrations are linked with significantly decreased quality of life and higher healthcare consumption.\u003cbr\u003eCalcium has an important part to play in the effective working of the majority of cells in the body and it is therefore essential that the optimal level be maintained by the body.\u003cbr\u003eA decrease in serum calcium can stimulate parathyroid hormone (PTH) release which may then raise bone resorption, increase renal calcium reabsorption, and activate renal conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, to the active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, which then will raise intestinal calcium absorption.\u003cbr\u003eThese mechanisms restore the serum calcium to normal and restrict further production of PTH and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3\u003cbr\u003eParathyroid hormone (PTH) and Vitamin D help organize calcium balance in the body.\u003cbr\u003ePTH is produced by the parathyroid glands.\u003cbr\u003eVitamin D is received when the skin is exposed to sunlight, and from dietary sources.\u003cbr\u003eThe most frequent cause of high calcium blood level is excess PTH secreted by the parathyroid glands happening due to:\u003cbr\u003e1. An enlargement of one or more of the parathyroid glands.\u003cbr\u003e2. A growth on one of the glands.\u003cbr\u003eMost of the time, these growths are benign.\u003cbr\u003e3. Calcium blood level may also be high if the body is low on fluids or water.\u003cbr\u003eOther disorders can also cause hypercalcemia:\u003cbr\u003e1. Certain kinds of cancers, such as lung and breast cancer, or cancer that has spread to the organs.\u003cbr\u003e2. Too much vitamin D in the system.\u003cbr\u003e3. Being on bed rest for a long time.\u003cbr\u003e4. Being bed-bound (or not being able to move) for a long period of time.\u003cbr\u003e5. Too much calcium in the diet.\u003cbr\u003eThe disorder is most often diagnosed at an early stage using routine blood tests.\u003cbr\u003eMost people are asymptomatic.\u003cbr\u003eSymptoms due to high calcium level may be varying, dependent on the cause and the duration the disorder has been present:\u003cbr\u003e1. Digestive symptoms, such as nausea or vomiting, poor appetite, or constipation\u003cbr\u003e2. Raised amount of thirst or more frequent urination, due to changes in the kidneys\u003cbr\u003e3. Muscle weakness or twitches\u003cbr\u003e4. Alterations in how the brain works, such as feeling tired or fatigued or confused\u003cbr\u003e5. Bone pain and long-term spine alterations, if the bones have become thinner or weaker\u003cbr\u003eAn accurate diagnosis is required in hypercalcemia\u003cbr\u003eInvestigations\u003cbr\u003e1. Serum calcium and phosphate\u003cbr\u003e2. Serum PTH\u003cbr\u003e3. Serum PTHrP (PTH-related protein)\u003cbr\u003e4. Serum alkaline phosphatase\u003cbr\u003e5. Blood albumin and proteins\u003cbr\u003e6. Urine calcium and phosphate\u003cbr\u003eAcute hypercalcemia is a medical emergency because of its effect on the heart rhythm.\u003cbr\u003e1. Immediate treatment of intravenous isotonic saline and replacement of salt in a hospital raising the circulating volume with 0.9% saline\u003cbr\u003e2. A powerful diuretic such as frusemide to reduce fluid overload\u003cbr\u003e3. Phosphate intravenously or orally can also be effective to decrease the calcium from the blood\u003cbr\u003e4. After rehydration, bisphosphonates, Salmon Calcitonin, steroids decrease the high blood calcium\u003cbr\u003ePeople with primary hyperparathyroidism may need surgery.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTABLE OF CONTENT\u003cbr\u003eIntroduction\u003cbr\u003eChapter 1 Hypercalcemia\u003cbr\u003eChapter 2 Causes\u003cbr\u003eChapter 3 Symptoms\u003cbr\u003eChapter 4 Diagnosis\u003cbr\u003eChapter 5 Treatment\u003cbr\u003eChapter 6 Prognosis\u003cbr\u003eChapter 7 Hyperparathyroidism\u003cbr\u003eChapter 8 Williams Syndrome\u003cbr\u003eEpilogue\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Kenneth Kee","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47070811488496,"sku":"2940154487785","price":2.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0737\/7593\/9824\/files\/2940154487785_p0.jpg?v=1764069161","url":"https:\/\/shop-qa.barnesandnoble.com\/products\/2940154487785","provider":"Barnes \u0026 Noble (DEV)","version":"1.0","type":"link"}