{"product_id":"2940154493489","title":"Urethral Syndrome, (Urination Disorder) A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions","description":"\u003cp\u003eUrethral Syndrome\u003cbr\u003eRecently I had seen a few cases of painful and difficult urination or dysuria.\u003cbr\u003eI was going to write on dysuria but decided on Urethral Syndrome instead which has urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria, and supra-pubic discomfort as part of its syndrome and have a special chapter on dysuria.\u003cbr\u003eWhat is Urethral Syndrome?\u003cbr\u003eUrethral syndrome is defined as a medical disorder with lower urinary tract symptoms (urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria, and supra-pubic discomfort) but with no recognized urinary pathogen cultured from urine or any other objective discovery of urological defect.\u003cbr\u003eThe diagnosis of urethral syndrome is made based on the history, negative urine cultures, dynamic cystourethroscopy and urodynamic studies.\u003cbr\u003eThe term urethral syndrome is now controversial as there are no guided diagnostic criteria and there is some overlap with other diagnoses – e.g., interstitial cystitis.\u003cbr\u003eThe most frequent cause of Urethral Syndrome is urethral stenosis.\u003cbr\u003ePresently other causes are:\u003cbr\u003e1. Hormone imbalances,\u003cbr\u003e2. Inflamed Skene glands and paraurethral glands (the \"female prostate\"),\u003cbr\u003e3. Allergy to certain foods,\u003cbr\u003e4. Environmental chemicals (e.g., douches, bubble bath, soaps, contraceptive gels, condoms),\u003cbr\u003e5. Hypersensitivity following urinary tract infection, and\u003cbr\u003e6. Trauma during sexual intercourse.\u003cbr\u003eFollowing the early pain-causing episode, patients with urethral syndrome have both involuntary spasms and voluntary contraction of the pelvic musculature during the painful episode, which, besides any residual irritant or re-injury, begins a vicious circle of worsening poor function of the pelvic floor muscles.\u003cbr\u003eSymptoms normally are:\u003cbr\u003e1. Supra-pubic discomfort,\u003cbr\u003e2. Dysuria, and\u003cbr\u003e3. Urinary frequency\u003cbr\u003eDiagnosis is by:\u003cbr\u003e1. Urine dipstick analysis\u003cbr\u003e2. Midstream specimen of urine for microscopy, culture and sensitivities.\u003cbr\u003e3. Urethral swab for chlamydia, chlamydial-antigens in first-pass urine sample.\u003cbr\u003eIf there are chlamydia-negative and persistent symptoms, a sample is taken by supra-pubic aspiration or urethral catheterization and culture for 'fastidious' or slow-growing organisms.\u003cbr\u003eAny organisms detected in this way are medically significant.\u003cbr\u003eIf no infection is found, consider cystoscopy to exclude non-infective causes.\u003cbr\u003eFurther investigations may also include pelvic ultrasound, MRI scan, intravenous urography and urodynamic studies.\u003cbr\u003eGeneral treatments\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Any psychological problems should be identified and may require treatment but they are often not relevant\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBehavioral treatment (such as biofeedback, meditation, and hypnosis) has been used with some success.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBiofeedback has the most promise in patients whose symptoms are because of a failure to loosen up the pelvic muscles during urination.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAttempts at relaxation while undergoing electromyelography monitoring can help the patient retrain their muscles to allow them to void normally.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. Highly acidic foods, including spicy foods, should be avoided that may worsen syndromes\u003cbr\u003ea. Alcohol and other beverages\u003cbr\u003eb. Condiments\u003cbr\u003ec. Fruits\u003cbr\u003ed. Juices\u003cbr\u003ee. Salad dressings\u003cbr\u003ef. Snacks\u003cbr\u003eg. Vegetables\u003cbr\u003eh. Miscellaneous foods\u003cbr\u003e3. Exercise and massage programs can be very helpful.\u003cbr\u003e4. Urethral massage may help by increasing drainage of mucus from chronically infected periurethral glands.\u003cbr\u003eMedicine\u003cbr\u003e1. Treatment of urinary tract infections and chlamydial urethritis\u003cbr\u003e2. Vaginal estrogen cream in patients with atrophic urethritis.\u003cbr\u003eOther Medicines are:\u003cbr\u003e1. Hormone replacement\u003cbr\u003e2. Anesthetics\u003cbr\u003e3. Antispasmodics\u003cbr\u003e4. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)\u003cbr\u003e5. Muscle relaxants\u003cbr\u003e6. Alpha-blockers\u003cbr\u003eThe previous surgery used to treat urethral syndrome has been urethral dilation.\u003cbr\u003eInterStim therapy and YAG laser ablation can reduce or eliminate symptoms.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTABLE OF CONTENT\u003cbr\u003eIntroduction\u003cbr\u003eChapter 1 Urethral Syndrome\u003cbr\u003eChapter 2 Causes\u003cbr\u003eChapter 3 Symptoms\u003cbr\u003eChapter 4 Diagnosis\u003cbr\u003eChapter 5 Treatment\u003cbr\u003eChapter 6 Prognosis\u003cbr\u003eChapter 7 Dysuria\u003cbr\u003eChapter 8 Cystitis\u003cbr\u003eEpilogue\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Kenneth Kee","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47164467708144,"sku":"2940154493489","price":2.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0737\/7593\/9824\/files\/2940154493489_p0.jpg?v=1764067899","url":"https:\/\/shop-qa.barnesandnoble.com\/products\/2940154493489","provider":"Barnes \u0026 Noble (DEV)","version":"1.0","type":"link"}