{"product_id":"2940154607329","title":"Nystagmus, (Rapid Eye Movements) A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions","description":"\u003cp\u003eNystagmus is a symptom seen as a repetitive, involuntary, to and fro oscillation of the eyes.\u003cbr\u003eIt may be congenital or acquired.\u003cbr\u003eIt is a symptom, not a diagnosis.\u003cbr\u003eIt is normally involuntary.\u003cbr\u003eIt may be physiological or pathological:\u003cbr\u003ePhysiological nystagmus happens:\u003cbr\u003e1. During rotation of the body in space (vestibular nystagmus) or\u003cbr\u003e2. During ocular following of moving scenes and acts to preserve clear vision (optokinetic nystagmus).\u003cbr\u003ePathological nystagmus induces the eyes to drift away from the visual target, hence degrading the vision\u003cbr\u003eNystagmus is a form of fast, uncontrollable movements of the eyes that may be:\u003cbr\u003e1. Side to side (horizontal nystagmus)\u003cbr\u003e2. Up and down (vertical nystagmus)\u003cbr\u003e3. Rotary (rotary or torsional nystagmus)\u003cbr\u003eDependent on the cause, these movements may be in both eyes or in just one eye.\u003cbr\u003eThe involuntary eye movements of nystagmus are produced by abnormal function in the areas of the brain that control eye movements.\u003cbr\u003eThe part of the inner ear that senses movement and position (the labyrinth) helps regulate eye movements.\u003cbr\u003eCauses of Nystagmus\u003cbr\u003eNystagmus may occur from lesions or malfunctions in many parts of the optic (optokinetic nystagmus) and vestibular (vestibular nystagmus) systems.\u003cbr\u003eMost congenital nystagmus is neurological in origin, even though other important causes are:\u003cbr\u003e1. Albinism,\u003cbr\u003e2. Congenital cataracts,\u003cbr\u003e3. Eye movement disorders and\u003cbr\u003e4. Very high myopia or astigmatism.\u003cbr\u003eAcquired nystagmus\u003cbr\u003eThe most frequent cause of acquired nystagmus is certain drugs or medicines.\u003cbr\u003e1. Phenytoin (Dilantin) - an antiseizure medicine,\u003cbr\u003e2. Excessive alcohol, or\u003cbr\u003e3. Sedating medicine\u003cbr\u003eAll these medicines can impair the labyrinth's function.\u003cbr\u003eOther causes are:\u003cbr\u003e1. Head injury from motor vehicle accidents\u003cbr\u003e2. Inner ear disorders such as labyrinthitis or Meniere disease\u003cbr\u003e3. Stroke\u003cbr\u003e4. Thiamine or vitamin B12 deficiency\u003cbr\u003e5. Any brain disease, such as brain tumors\u003cbr\u003eAcute nystagmus, with or without oscillopsia, may be linked with:\u003cbr\u003e1. Ataxia,\u003cbr\u003e2. Reduced visual acuity and\u003cbr\u003e3. Falls.\u003cbr\u003eSymptoms\u003cbr\u003eGenerally, late-acquired nystagmus and saccadic oscillations induce:\u003cbr\u003e1. Oscillopsia,\u003cbr\u003e2. Nausea and\u003cbr\u003e3. Vertigo\u003cbr\u003eIn contrast, most nystagmus manifesting congenitally or in early childhood is not followed by oscillopsia.\u003cbr\u003eMost patients with early-onset or congenital nystagmus also have decreased acuity.\u003cbr\u003eDiagnosis\u003cbr\u003eThe doctor will take a careful history and do a complete physical examination, focusing on the nervous system and inner ear.\u003cbr\u003eThe doctor may ask the patient to wear a pair of goggles that magnify the eyes for part of the examination.\u003cbr\u003eThe patient may have these tests:\u003cbr\u003e1. CT scan of the head\u003cbr\u003e2. Electro-oculography: An electrical method of measuring eye movements using tiny electrodes\u003cbr\u003e3. MRI of the head\u003cbr\u003e4. Vestibular testing by recording the movements of the eyes\u003cbr\u003eTreatment\u003cbr\u003eHome Care\u003cbr\u003eThe patient may wish to make changes in the home to assist with dizziness, visual problems, or nervous system disorders.\u003cbr\u003eThere is no treatment for most patients of congenital nystagmus.\u003cbr\u003eTreatment for acquired nystagmus is dependent on the cause.\u003cbr\u003eIn some patients, nystagmus cannot be reversed.\u003cbr\u003eIn instances due to medicines or infection, the nystagmus normally goes away after the cause has become better.\u003cbr\u003eIt may be conservative, medical (e.g., gabapentin, baclofen) or surgical.\u003cbr\u003eThe surgical treatment is unusual and requires changing the insertion of the relevant extra-ocular muscles.\u003cbr\u003eNeurosurgery may be done where there is an underlying operable lesion.\u003cbr\u003eBotulinum toxin injections can decrease some nystagmic movements even though results are normally temporary.\u003cbr\u003eGabapentin and memantine have also some success at reducing the effects of acquired nystagmus and are useful for congenital nystagmus\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTABLE OF CONTENT\u003cbr\u003eIntroduction\u003cbr\u003eChapter 1 Nystagmus\u003cbr\u003eChapter 2 Causes\u003cbr\u003eChapter 3 Symptoms\u003cbr\u003eChapter 4 Diagnosis\u003cbr\u003eChapter 5 Treatment\u003cbr\u003eChapter 6 Prognosis\u003cbr\u003eChapter 7 Vertigo\u003cbr\u003eChapter 8 Meniere’s Disease\u003cbr\u003eEpilogue\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Kenneth Kee","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47103673991408,"sku":"2940154607329","price":2.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0737\/7593\/9824\/files\/2940154607329_p0.jpg?v=1764071270","url":"https:\/\/shop-qa.barnesandnoble.com\/products\/2940154607329","provider":"Barnes \u0026 Noble (DEV)","version":"1.0","type":"link"}