{"product_id":"9780241355336","title":"Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution","description":"\u003cp\u003e2017 Reprint of 1919 Edition. “Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution” is a 1902 work by Russian anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin. Kropotkin explores the role of mutually-beneficial cooperation and reciprocity (or \"mutual aid\") in the animal kingdom and human societies both past and present. It is an argument against the competition-centered theories of so-called social Darwinism, as well as the romantic depictions of cooperation presented by writers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued it was motivated by universal love rather than self-interest. “Mutual Aid” is considered a fundamental text in anarchist communism, presenting a scientific basis for communism alternative to the historical materialism of the Marxists. Many biologists also consider it an important catalyst in the scientific study of cooperation.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Penguin Publishing Group","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47917884309744,"sku":"9780241355336","price":18.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0737\/7593\/9824\/files\/9780241355336_p0.jpg?v=1763679558","url":"https:\/\/shop-qa.barnesandnoble.com\/products\/9780241355336","provider":"Barnes \u0026 Noble (DEV)","version":"1.0","type":"link"}