{"product_id":"9780300156621","title":"Before L.A.: Race, Space, and Municipal Power in Los Angeles, 1781-1894","description":"David Torres-Rouff significantly expands borderlands history by examining the past and original urban infrastructure of one of America’s most prominent cities; its social, spatial, and racial divides and boundaries; and how it came to be the Los Angeles we know today. It is a fascinating study of how an innovative intercultural community developed along racial lines, and how immigrants from the United States engineered a profound shift in civic ideals and the physical environment, creating a social and spatial rupture that endures to this day.","brand":"Yale University Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47120493314288,"sku":"9780300156621","price":65.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0737\/7593\/9824\/files\/9780300156621_p0.jpg?v=1763670060","url":"https:\/\/shop-qa.barnesandnoble.com\/products\/9780300156621","provider":"Barnes \u0026 Noble (DEV)","version":"1.0","type":"link"}