{"product_id":"9781442650992","title":"Permafrost in Canada: Its Influence on Northern Development","description":"\u003cp\u003ePermafrost is the thermal condition of the earth’s crust when   its temperature has been below 32°F continuously for a number of years. Half of   Canada’s land surface lies in the permafrost region—either in the   continuous zone where the ground is frozen to a depth of hundreds of feet, or in the   discontinuous zone where permafrost is thinner, and there are areas of unfrozen   ground.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe existence of permafrost causes problems for the development of the   northern regions of all countries extending into the Arctic. Mining operations are   hindered by frozen ore which resists blasting and is difficult to thaw. Agriculture   is restricted by the presence of permafrost near the ground surface which limits the   soil available for plant growth. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEngineering structures are also   affected by the low temperatures. Ice layers give soil a rock-like structure with   high strength. However heat transmitted by buildings often causes the ice to melt,   and the resulting slurry is unable to support the structure. Many settlements in   northern Canada have examples of structural damage or failure caused by permafrost.   In the construction and maintenance of railways, buildings, water and sewage lines,   dams, roads, bridges, and airfields, normal techniques must often be modified at   additional cost because of permafrost.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor the last twenty-five years   scientific investigations and engineering projects have increased steadily in   Canada’s permafrost region, and it is now technically possible to build any   structure or conduct any activity on the worst soils and under permafrost   conditions.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis comprehensive analysis of permafrost—its origin,   definition, and occurrence, and the effect it has on industry and   agriculture—will be invaluable to the growing number of people working in the   north and to those interested in its development.   \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"University of Toronto Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47155082461424,"sku":"9781442650992","price":71.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0737\/7593\/9824\/files\/9781442650992_p0.jpg?v=1763815007","url":"https:\/\/shop-qa.barnesandnoble.com\/products\/9781442650992","provider":"Barnes \u0026 Noble (DEV)","version":"1.0","type":"link"}