Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands For WasteWater Treatment

This report verifies that subsurface flow (SF) constructed wetlands can be a reliable and cost effective treatment methods for a variety of wastewaters. These have included domestic, municipal, and industrial wastewaters as well as landfill leachates. Applications range from single family dwellings, parks, schools, and other public facilities to municipalities and industries. It can be a low-cost, low-energy process requiring minimal operational attention. As such the concept is particularly well suited for small to moderate sized facilities where suitable land may be available at areasonable cost. Significant advantages include lack of odors, lack of mosquitoes and other insect vectors, and minimal risk of public exposure and contact with the water in the system.