Out of Bounds: Transnational Sanctuary in Irregular Warfare

In this timely Occasional Paper, Dr. Tom Bruscino analyzes a critical
issue in the GWOT, and one which has bedeviled counterinsurgents past
and present. He examines the role played by sanctuaries as they relate to
irregular warfare in two conflicts. An active sanctuary refers to the practice
of using territory outside the geographical limits of an irregular war
to provide various forms of support to one side, usually the insurgent or
guerrilla force.
In the first case study, he looks at the United States’ efforts to defeat
the advantages gained by the Viet Cong (and later the North Vietnamese
Army) by the use of sanctuaries in Cambodia and Laos during the Vietnam
War. In doing so, he points out the diplomatic, military, and economic
challenges which develop when trying to prevent the use of transnational
sanctuaries by irregular forces. In the second case study, he examines the
Soviet incursion into Afghanistan in the 1980s, but this time he does so
from the perspective of the insurgency, the Mujahideen. Bruscino illustrates
the advantages accrued by the Afghan resistance in the use of Pakistan
as a sanctuary; the Soviet efforts to neutralize those advantages; and
the Mujahideen’s responses to overcome the Soviet actions.
In both cases the author finds that the use of an active sanctuary by
the insurgents was a major component of their eventual victory. Without
a sanctuary it is hard to see how the Viet Cong/NVA or the Mujahideen
could have succeeded. In regards to a sanctuary, it is hard to see how the
U.S./South Vietnamese or the Soviet Union could have defeated the insurgencies.
Active sanctuaries present the counterinsurgent with a host of
military problems, but denying an insurgent the use of an active sanctuary
is far more than a military task. All the elements of national power must be
employed if one hopes to defeat the challenge posed by active sanctuaries