Hybrid Warfare in the Baltics: Threats and Potential Responses

There is significant concern about Russian use of “hybrid warfare” in the Baltics. To understand this threat, the author of this report analyzes three potential scenarios—nonviolent subversion, covert violent action, and conventional aggression supported by political subversion. The author finds that, given the growing integration of Russian speakers and high capacity of the Baltic states, the greatest threat comes from conventional aggression.