Spy Chiefs: Volumes 1 and 2

Purchase includes free access to book updates online and a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Boom Chicago, Anne Frank Tree, Coat of Arms of Amsterdam, Sail Amsterdam, Concertgebouw, Yab Yum, Government of Amsterdam, Prostitution Information Center, Felix Meritis, Stadsschouwburg, de Nederlandse Opera, Openbare Bibliotheek Amsterdam, Stopera, Amsterdammertje, Amsterdam Film Experience, Easylaughs, Netherlands Film and Television Academy, Het Parool, Mokum, Tangomagia, Holland Festival, First Dutch Academy, Occii, Melkweg, Amsterdam Gay Pride, Symfonisch Blaasorkest Ath, Bloemenmarkt, Rijksakademie, Mart, El Moustachios, Uitmarkt, Flag of Amsterdam, de Appel. Excerpt: An Amsterdammertje is the typical red -brown steel bollard that is used to separate the sidewalk from the street in Amsterdam . Amsterdammertje means literally 'little one from Amsterdam' in Dutch . The bollards have the three Saint Andrew's Crosses from the coat of arms of Amsterdam .History Around 1800, more and more individual people in Amsterdam started to use bollards to protect the sidewalk in front of their houses. These bollards were made of metal (originally old cannons , see also Bollards ), stone , or wood . In the late 19th century the first cast iron bollards were made. From 1915 onwards there was a standard bollard of 70 kg cast iron with three Saint Andrew's Crosses from the coat of arms of Amsterdam. This bollard already looked like the modern Amsterdammertje , although, amongst other differences, it was thinner and heavier. From 1972 the Amsterdammertjes were no longer made from the expensive and heavy cast iron, but from plates of steel , approximately 1.35 m high and only weighing 20 kg . This type is currently used in the city of Amsterdam; all 1915 type bollards have been replaced ...